Sensor errors, incomplete or fragmented data, and sparsity for specific pollutants are examples of data quality and availability issues. Computational Requirements: Complex ML/DL models have high training and deployment requirements. Model Generalizability & Adaptability: Models that are frequently localized have trouble with dynamic conditions or novel regions. Data & External Factors Heterogeneity: The inability to completely understand complex relationships among various influencing factors. Regulatory & Enforcement Issues: Regulations are not always applied consistently. Gaps in Public Awareness and Participation: Insufficient awareness and involvement on a broad scale. Overfitting Issues: Requires strong validation because high accuracy can occasionally be a sign of overfitting. Inaccurate Spike Forecasting: It is challenging to forecast unexpected pollution events, such as festivals or wildfires.
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